![]() The skeletal muscle exhibits plasticity in response to the environment proper exercise combined with adequate nutrition leads to muscle hypertrophy. The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the human body, representing ~40% of the total body weight, which stores energy in the form of proteins (amino acids). Skeletal Muscle and Prevention of Metabolic Diseases In this review, we discuss the roles of amino acids in the skeletal muscle.Ģ. Thus, the effects of amino acids on health are a highly important issue. In addition to these three functions, amino acids can also be used as medical diagnostic tools and to predict the risk of various diseases, such as cancer, by measuring their levels in blood. Third, amino acids have biological regulatory functions, for example, leucine increases the anabolism of muscle proteins, arginine has a vasodilation action and enhances immunity, and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) regulates blood pressure. Second, with regard to the sensory function, some amino acids exhibit one or more of the five tastes (sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness, and umami) and are used to flavor processed foods. Moreover, in individuals who are unable to eat protein, amino acid preparations are used for the nutritional management of pathological conditions. Some plant proteins lack certain amino acids (i.e., lysine in cereals) that are necessary for animal growth therefore, these amino acids are often added to certain foods to enrich their nutritional value. In contrast, eating proteins with an amino acid imbalance leads to a shortage of essential amino acids. ![]() First, their nutritional function means that eating a sufficient amount of good-quality protein leads to an adequate source of essential amino acids. Amino acids, and other food components, can be divided into those with nutritional, sensory, and biological regulatory functions. As amino acids are known to be biologically safe, they are used for food and non-food purposes. Further studies focusing on the effects of amino acids and their metabolites on skeletal muscle function will provide data essential for the production of food supplements for older adults, athletes, and individuals with metabolic diseases.Īmino acids are compounds that contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) and are components of proteins and materials for various bioactive molecules. β-alanine supplementation increased the physical performance and improved the executive function induced by endurance exercise in middle-aged individuals. β-alanine levels are decreased in the skeletal muscles of aged mice. Oral 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) supplementation can protect against mild hyperglycemia and help prevent type 2 diabetes. In addition, several amino acid-related molecules reportedly activate skeletal muscle function. The metabolite of valine (another BCAA), β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), is increased by exercise, is secreted by the skeletal muscle, and acts on other tissues, such as white adipose tissue, to increase energy expenditure. Leucine, a BCAA, and its metabolite, β-hydroxy- β-methylbutyrate (HMB), both activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and increase protein synthesis, but the mechanisms of activation appear to be different. PGC1 α activates branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism and is used for energy in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The expression of PGC1 α, a transcriptional coactivator, is increased in the skeletal muscle during exercise. ![]() In this review, we address the metabolism and function of amino acids in the skeletal muscle. ![]() The skeletal muscle, which is the largest organ in the human body, representing ~40% of the total body weight, plays important roles in exercise, energy expenditure, and glucose/amino acid usage-processes that are modulated by various amino acids and their metabolites. Amino acids are components of proteins that also exist free-form in the body their functions can be divided into (1) nutritional, (2) sensory, and (3) biological regulatory roles. ![]()
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